Victory in Constitutional Court for asylum seekers

Source: Daily Maverick, 31/05/2018

In an important victory for the rights of asylum seekers, the
Constitutional Court has found that their temporary permits must
automatically be extended while their case is under judicial review.
South Africa is home to at least 400,000 asylum seekers and refugees.
An asylum seeker is someone who claims, in an application to the
Department of Home Affairs, to have fled from a place where they have
been persecuted or where they are in danger. A refugee is someone who
has been granted asylum either by government or a court.
Before asylum seekers get official refugee status they are granted a
temporary permit which allows them to remain in the country until
their application has been dealt with. Official refugee status can
often take time and many applications are rejected.
When an application is rejected, an asylum seeker can go through an
internal appeal, up to the Refugee Appeals Board. If that too fails,
he or she can take the matter on judicial review in the High Court.
During this time, the Refugees Act allows a Refugee Reception Officer
to extend the asylum seeker’s temporary permit from time to time.
The question that arises is: up to what point is such an extension
allowed? And is the extension automatic or does a Refugee Reception
Officer have the discretion to refuse an extension?
The case before the Constitutional Court was brought by several
asylum seekers from Cape Town whose applications for official refugee
status had been rejected. They were represented by the Legal
Resources Centre. After exhausting internal appeals, they applied for
an extension of their temporary permits pending judicial review. The
extension was not granted.
The High Court found that a Refugee Reception Officer does have the
discretion to extend a permit pending judicial review. However, the
Court found that the extension is not automatic but at the discretion
of the officer.
The Supreme Court of Appeal largely upheld the decision of the High
Court.
Home Affairs appealed to the Constitutional Court to rule that a
Refugee Reception Officer can only extend a permit until internal
remedies in terms of the Act have been exhausted.
The asylum seekers cross-appealed and wanted the Constitutional Court
to go further than the Appeal Court decision and find that an
extension is not only permitted but also automatic.
The Constitutional Court explained that two legal issues had to be
addressed:
Whether a Refugee Reception Officer has the power to extend a permit
pending judicial review; and
If so, whether an extension is automatic or whether the Refugee
Reception Officer must exercise discretion.
At issue was the interpretation of the word “outcome” in the Act.
Home Affairs argued that this referred to “the final administrative
outcome” in terms of the act.
The act provides for two layers of appeal if an application for
official refugee status has been rejected: first, asylum seekers may
approach the Standing Committee for Refugee Affairs, and if this
fails they may approach the Refugee Appeals Board. According to this
logic, once this outcome is reached no further extensions are
permissible. For this reason, the outcome of a judicial review of the
decision of the Appeals Board wouldn’t qualify as an “outcome” in
terms of the act.
The court rejected this approach. Firstly, it emphasized that when
courts interpret legislation they must do so in order to fulfil the
key purpose of a piece of legislation.
And one of the key purposes behind refugee law, the court said, was
to ensure that refugees are not returned to the circumstances from
which they were seeking refuge. This means that “no one shall expel
or return a refugee against his or her will, in any manner
whatsoever, to a territory where he or she fears threats to life or
freedom.”
Adopting the Home Affairs approach would mean that asylum seekers who
have exhausted internal remedies in terms of the Act would be at risk
of being deported, even if they were seeking refuge for valid
reasons. It would be “cold-comfort” to argue that an asylum seeker
would still have the option of approaching a court for interim
protection: this could be unsuccessful for technical reasons, and
anyway it would be expensive and impractical for an asylum seeker to
institute legal proceedings once he or she had already been deported.
The Constitutional Court also emphasized that courts must prefer an
interpretation of legislation that protects fundamental rights in
terms of the Bill of Rights. If Home Affairs’s interpretation were
adopted an asylum seeker’s rights to just administrative action,
access to courts, life, human dignity, and freedom and security could
be infringed.
For all these reasons, the court rejected Home Affairs’s
interpretation and found that a Refugee Reception Officer does have
the power to extend a permit, pending judicial review.
Here, the court found that the principle of “non-refoulement” â€` not
sending a person back to a place where he or she would be in danger â€`
would suggest that an extension must be automatic.
The court also said that if a Refugee Reception Officer did have
discretion to refuse to extend a permit this would create a
discrepancy in the Act. This is because the act enables the minister
in certain prescribed circumstances to withdraw a permit but does not
prescribe the circumstances under which a decision not to extend a
permit may be made. Yet a refusal to extend a permit and the
withdrawal of a permit have the same effect. The court found that it
would not make sense that the Act gives more discretion to the
Refugee Reception Officer than to the minister. So the court found
that the only interpretation that would make sense is that an
extension is automatic and the Refugee Reception Officer has no
discretion at all.
The court declared â€` with a minority of judges dissenting â€` that a
Refugee Reception Officer does have the power to extend a permit
pending judicial review and that such an extension is automatic. The
court awarded costs against Home Affairs.
The case will strengthen the situation of thousands of asylum seekers
who are in a precarious position without official refugee status. It
reduces the possibility of unjustified deportations and ensures that
South Africa complies with its international obligations to protect
refugees from persecution and threats to their life and safety.